地址: Hinesburg, VT
建筑面积: 4,320 sq. meters
竣工日期: August 2004
高度: 3-story building
能源利用: The building envelope is superinsulated and airtight. The building's walls are insulated to R-20 and beyond, the roof is R-40, and the slab is R-16. Extensive testing with infrared scanning located air leaks. A white thermoplastic olefin (TPO) membrane on the roof of the warehouse and manufacturing area reduces summer heat gain. The R-5 windows are triple paned, dual low-emissivity, with insulated fiberglass frames.
Two wood-pellet-fired boilers provide primary heating with propane backup that is greater than 90% efficient. The building automation system optimizes operation and tracks subsystem energy use. All spaces include operable windows. Automatic windows provide night flushing. The ventilation system recovers 75% of total energy. The manufacturing and warehouse area uses natural ventilation for cooling.
Low-wattage laptops and efficient motors, equipment, and appliances reduce energy consumption. The high-efficiency lighting system includes extensive occupancy and daylight sensors.
Cooling-load avoidance allows sensible cooling to be provided from the radiant slab. Ventilation air provides latent and supplemental cooling. High-efficiency heat pumps reject heat to the pond, providing chilled water. The radiant slabs also deliver heat.
Bioclimatic Design
The building is elongated on the east-west axis to maximize solar gain in winter and to capture daylight all year. The majority of the glazing is located on the south façade, where it is easy to capture desirable winter sun while limiting undesirable summer sun except for daylighting use. The north side of the building is bermed into the hillside to minimize heat loss. The south-facing roof is used for photovoltaics, skylights, and domestic hot water heating. The north-facing roof is white to reflect solar heat gain. The south-facing clerestory windows are used to bring direct sunlight into the warehouse space as well as for nighttime cooling of the building. Trees to the east and west of the building provide summer shading to reduce cooling loads.
Energy security
Primary peak-reduction strategies include:
primarily south-facing windows with a low solar heat-gain coefficient (SHGC), which reduces summer heat gain;
efficient water-to-water heat pumps;
energy-recovery ventilation;
reduced plug and motor loads;
radiant cooling (with no fans);
variable-frequency drives and carbon-dioxide sensors on ventilation air;
effective daylight use and control, including 3,000 ft2 of windows and 750 ft2 of skylights; and
extensive daylight-dimming and occupancy control of lighting.
The peak demand is 0.95 watts per ft2 before renewable electricity is taken into account. Considering renewables, peak demand is expected to be 0 watts per ft2 on sunny days.
Renewable energy sources include 74 kWs of photovoltaics, a 10-kW wind turbine, 120 ft2 of solar thermal collectors, and 2,100 ft2 of south-facing glass, which provides passive solar heating.
Extensive operable windows and daylighting allow almost all regularly occupied spaces to operate without electricity, except in the coldest weather. A 45-kW backup generator allows the building to fully operate during a blackout. The PV and wind systems are connected to the grid and will not operate in a blackout. If the utility has a peak-demand emergency, NRG can run on a generator and supply renewable energy directly to grid.
节水方案: The building sits at the border between a hayed field and a wooded hillside, minimizing impacts on the two ecosystems. The facility is built into the bottom of a south-facing hillside to maximize solar exposure, minimize heat loss, minimize exposure to northwest winter winds, maximize exposure to southwest summer cooling breezes, and maintain farmland, forestland, and wildlife habitat.
The landscape design preserved the existing ecosystems and vegetation and integrated new native vegetation in areas where the site was altered. Existing trees were retained to shade the building, reduce winter wind, provide views from inside the building, and reduce offsite visibility. Existing open fields to the south were retained for agriculture and solar access. Native fruit trees, shrubs, and other vegetation were planted to soften offsite views, screen parking, provide for limited food production, and provide wildlife habitat.
材料选择: Building materials and finishes were selected based on thorough assessments of durability, effects on indoor air quality, environmental impacts, effects on capital and operating costs, and embodied energy. The LEED Rating System assisted in making materials choices.
Steel was selected as the main material due to its structural characteristics, high recycled content, recyclability, and durability. To minimize transportation impacts, NRG used local materials, including wood and stone from the site. Local concrete with flyash was used to lower the embodied energy of concrete and incorporate a recycled waste product. Wood certified according to Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standards was used for a glulam structure in the center of the facility for its warmth and environmental responsibility. Certified and local wood was also used for interior trim and furnishings. Other materials with recycled content include tile, ceiling tile, and insulation board. Foams with low ozone-depleting potential were used to minimize environmental impacts. Paints, adhesives, and sealants were selected for their low emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and Green Label carpet was used. Urea-formaldehyde-free cabinets, furnishings, and interior doors were used to protect indoor air quality.
Strategies for minimizing waste generation included requesting minimal product packaging, providing worker education, and utilizing reuse and giveaway programs. Dedicated recycling stations and inhouse programs promote employee recycling.
The shape and color of the building were selected to be reminiscent of regional barns. Local stone and certified glulam beams and interior finishes were used to provide warmth and relate to regional building methods and techniques. An artist designed the floor to represent the history of wind energy.
Diversion of Construction & Demolition Waste
The construction-waste recycling plan involved onsite source separation, with designated containers for clean wood, metal, commingled recyclables (for cardboard, beverage containers, and paper), and trash. The process included subcontractor contract language requiring construction recycling, subcontractor training prior to and when workers arrived on site, regular inspections of the containers to prevent contamination of loads from inappropriate materials, tracking of recycling rates throughout the project, and the recognition and rewarding of the general contractor and subcontractors for good work. The key to the program was training field employees and subcontractors.
Land-clearing debris (184.7 tons) was sold as logs to be milled for resale or chipped on site for reuse as landscaping material. Clean dimensional wood and pallets (10.6 tons); metal (13.1 tons); and glass, plastic, cardboard, and newspaper (6.2 tons combined) were segregated on site and picked up for recycling at the solid waste district drop-off center. Lauan plywood used for floor protection (4.2 tons) was saved by the owner for reuse on site. Concrete waste and pump cleanout material (56 tons) was collected in a designated area on site and picked up by an excavator for recycling at a plant for transportation projects. Excess gypsum drywall (7.5 tons) was collected on site on pallets and sent back to the drywall plant for recycling into new product.
室内环境品质: The building was designed to connect occupants to other people within the building and to nature outside the building. Vertical openings at the core with interior windows and “streets” encourage passive ventilation, the distribution of daylight, and informal and formal meetings among occupants.
Large windows provide internal views between the warehouse and office areas. Very large windows in the warehouse frame views of a maple grove and the sky. Skylights provide even lighting throughout the building and dramatic light at the fireplace. Open work areas with large-view windows maximize daylighting and connection to the outside. The entire south façade uses German light-guiding blinds to reflect light deep into spaces.
Operable windows allow for the maximum use of outside air with individual control. Mechanical nighttime flushing is used for further cooling. Energy-recovery mechanical ventilation is used to ensure optimum indoor air quality in all offices. Occupant controls include a thermostat in every regularly occupied discrete space, and a button is provided for manual boost of ventilation air in each conference room.
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